Best Fretless Acoustic Basses for Beginner 2026

Alright, so you're thinking about jumping into the world of fretless acoustic bass? It's a beautiful, expressive thing, but it's not a beginner-friendly path like a fretted bass. That sliding, vocal quality is addictive, but it demands a different kind of precision and ear. Let's talk about finding a fretless that won't leave you frustrated and will actually help you develop the technique you need to make that dream sound a reality.

Last updated: August 29, 2026

The best fretless acoustic basses in 2026 are Harley Benton Kahuna CLU-Bass Ukulele FL (top pick), Harley Benton B-35BK-FL Acoustic Bass Series for tighter budgets, and Harley Benton B-35BK-FL Acoustic Bass w/Bag for pros — selected from 15 options across 3 brands, priced $161–$1,978, ranked by brand, price and popularity.
Harley Benton Kahuna CLU-Bass Ukulele FL - Professional Music Instrument Photo
#1

Harley Benton Kahuna CLU-Bass Ukulele FL

Nut width 42 mm (1.65") Scale 534 mm (21.02") Neck profile C-shape neck Body Mahogany body
Advanced Techniques Classical Crossover Expressive Playing
Key Feature:
This Harley Benton Kahuna is a surprisingly capable bass ukulele, offering a warm acoustic tone with a touch of brightness from the spruce top. The fretless design encourages a more expressive, sliding style, and the built-in tuner is a real convenience. It's an excellent entry point for bassists curious about ukulele tones or ukulele players wanting a deeper, more bass-focused instrument.
PROS
  • • Spruce top provides a surprisingly bright and resonant acoustic tone.
  • • Ovangkol fingerboard offers a smooth playing experience and decent durability.
  • • Built-in tuner is genuinely useful for quick setups and live performance.
  • • Mahogany body contributes a warm, woody character to the overall sound.
CONS
  • • Fret lines are a bit odd for a fretless; may confuse some players.
  • • Ovangkol fingerboard, while playable, isn't as premium as ebony.
  • • Matte finish can feel a little cheap compared to glossier instruments.
4.9/5 AudioFu Score
Specs:
10/10
Detail:
9/10
Value:
9/10
Art. 321251
$162
Harley Benton B-35BK-FL Acoustic Bass Series - Professional Music Instrument Photo
#2

Harley Benton B-35BK-FL Acoustic Bass Series

Nut width 45 mm (1.77") Scale 864 mm (34.02") Strings 5-string Fingerboard Jatoba fingerboard
Classical Crossover Advanced Techniques World Music
Key Feature:
This is a great choice if you want a big, warm-sounding bass that feels easy to play on the fretboard. The spruce top and mahogany body give it a full tone, while the built-in tuner helps you stay in tune instantly. It suits anyone who plays slide or fingerstyle without needing traditional frets, and the jumbo shape keeps it loud on stage.
PROS
  • • Jatoba fingerboard offers smooth fretless playability for slide and fingerstyle.
  • • Sapele mahogany back and sides provide warm, deep low-end resonance.
  • • Spruce top delivers bright attack while maintaining full frequency range.
  • • Four-band EQ and built-in tuner simplify sound shaping for any player.
CONS
  • • Jumbo body size may feel large for smaller players or compact spaces.
  • • No weight specification provided makes portability uncertainty for musicians.
  • • Lacks passive output options for direct DI recording without external preamp.
4.9/5 AudioFu Score
Specs:
10/10
Detail:
9/10
Value:
9/10
Art. 476023
$197
Harley Benton B-35BK-FL Acoustic Bass w/Bag - Professional Music Instrument Photo
#3

Harley Benton B-35BK-FL Acoustic Bass w/Bag

Nut width 45 mm (1.77") Scale 864 mm (34.02") Strings 5-string Fingerboard Jatoba fingerboard
Jazz Advanced Techniques World Music
Key Feature:
This Harley Benton is a seriously impressive budget-friendly option for players wanting a fretless acoustic bass. The build quality is solid for the price point, and the pickup system provides a surprisingly versatile amplified sound. It's ideal for gigging musicians, students, or anyone looking for a unique acoustic bass experience without a huge investment.
PROS
  • • Spruce top delivers a surprisingly articulate and resonant acoustic tone.
  • • Sapele back and sides add warmth and sustain, a nice upgrade for the price.
  • • The built-in pickup system is surprisingly usable for amplified gigs or recording.
  • • Fretless design offers expressive sliding and vibrato possibilities.
CONS
  • • Roseacer fretboard can feel a little rough compared to ebony or maple.
  • • The factory string gauges are a bit light; heavier strings are recommended.
  • • Sapele's finish can be prone to minor checking with humidity fluctuations.
5.0/5 AudioFu Score
Specs:
10/10
Detail:
10/10
Value:
9/10
Art. 537181
$208
Harley Benton B-35BK-FL Acoustic Bass Bundle - Professional Music Instrument Photo
#4

Harley Benton B-35BK-FL Acoustic Bass Bundle

Nut width 45 mm (1.77") Scale 864 mm (34.02") Strings 5-string Fingerboard Jatoba fingerboard
Expressive Playing Classical Crossover Unique Sound
Key Feature:
This Harley Benton B-35BK-FL is a surprisingly capable acoustic bass, especially for the price. The fretless design encourages a more nuanced playing style, and the pickup system makes it stage-ready. It's a fantastic option for gigging musicians or students wanting an affordable entry into the fretless acoustic bass world.
PROS
  • • Spruce top delivers a surprisingly bright and resonant acoustic tone
  • • Sapele back and sides add warmth and sustain, nicely balanced
  • • Fretless design opens expressive sliding and vibrato possibilities
  • • Built-in pickup system allows for amplified performance with EQ shaping
CONS
  • • Roseacer fretboard might feel a bit harder than ebony to some players
  • • 864mm scale can feel long, especially for smaller hands or those used to shorter scales
  • • Gigbag is functional, but a hardshell case would offer better protection
5.0/5 AudioFu Score
Specs:
10/10
Detail:
10/10
Value:
9/10
Art. 537183
$232
Harley Benton B-30BK-FL Acoustic Bass Series - Professional Music Instrument Photo
#5

Harley Benton B-30BK-FL Acoustic Bass Series

Nut width 46 mm (1.81") Scale 815 mm (32.09") Fingerboard Jatoba fingerboard
Jazz Advanced Techniques World Music
Key Feature:
This Harley Benton B-30BK-FL is a surprisingly capable acoustic bass for the price. The fretless design opens up expressive possibilities, while the pickup system makes it stage-ready. It's a fantastic option for intermediate players wanting to explore fretless tones without a huge investment.
PROS
  • • Spruce top delivers a bright, resonant acoustic tone with good projection.
  • • Jatoba fingerboard offers a surprisingly smooth playing experience for a fretless.
  • • Built-in pickup system adds versatility for amplification and recording.
  • • Sapele mahogany back and sides provide warmth and sustain to the overall sound.
CONS
  • • Factory strings are basic and will likely need upgrading for optimal tone.
  • • Fretless construction demands precise technique and careful handling.
  • • Super jumbo body can be unwieldy for smaller players or stage use.
4.9/5 AudioFu Score
Specs:
10/10
Detail:
9/10
Value:
9/10
Art. 476021
$173
Harley Benton B-30BK-FL Acoustic Bass Bundle - Professional Music Instrument Photo
#6

Harley Benton B-30BK-FL Acoustic Bass Bundle

Nut width 46 mm (1.81") Scale 815 mm (32.09") Fingerboard Jatoba fingerboard
Classical Crossover World Music Jazz
Key Feature:
This Harley Benton B-30BK-FL is a surprisingly capable entry into the world of fretless acoustic bass. It’s a great option for gigging musicians needing a portable, amplified acoustic bass or students wanting to explore fretless playing without a huge investment. The overall build quality is decent for the price, and the included gig bag and stand are a nice bonus.
PROS
  • • Spruce top delivers a surprisingly articulate and resonant acoustic tone.
  • • Jatoba fingerboard offers a smooth playing experience, ideal for fretless technique.
  • • Built-in pickup system provides usable amplified sound for small gigs or practice.
  • • Sapele back and sides contribute to a warm, full low-end response.
CONS
  • • Fretless acoustic basses inherently lack the immediate definition of fretted instruments.
  • • The factory strings are basic and will likely need upgrading for optimal tone.
  • • Sapele mahogany, while warm, might lack the projection of more premium tonewoods.
5.0/5 AudioFu Score
Specs:
10/10
Detail:
10/10
Value:
9/10
Art. 537165
$197
Harley Benton B-30BK-FL Acoustic Bass w/Bag - Professional Music Instrument Photo
#7

Harley Benton B-30BK-FL Acoustic Bass w/Bag

Nut width 46 mm (1.81") Scale 815 mm (32.09") Fingerboard Jatoba fingerboard
World Music Advanced Techniques Jazz
Key Feature:
This Harley Benton is a seriously cool concept at a budget-friendly price. The fretless acoustic bass is a bit of a niche instrument, but if you're looking for a unique, portable instrument for practice, campfire jams, or recording mellow grooves, this offers a lot of value. It's a great starting point for exploring fretless bass playing.
PROS
  • • Spruce top delivers surprising clarity and projection for an acoustic bass.
  • • Jatoba fingerboard offers a smooth playing experience, surprisingly good for the price.
  • • Built-in pickup system allows for easy amplification and recording; tuner is a bonus.
  • • Sapele back and sides provide warmth and sustain, a nice tonal balance.
CONS
  • • Fretless construction requires patience and skill to master intonation accurately.
  • • Factory strings are basic; an immediate string upgrade is highly recommended.
  • • Sapele can be prone to cracking if exposed to drastic humidity changes.
5.0/5 AudioFu Score
Specs:
10/10
Detail:
10/10
Value:
9/10
Art. 537163
$197
Gold Tone Micro Bass 23 w/Bag LH - Professional Music Instrument Photo
#8

Gold Tone Micro Bass 23 w/Bag LH

Nut width 42.9 mm (1.69") Scale 584 mm (22.99") Frets 20 frets
Unique Sound Expressive Playing Classical Crossover
Key Feature:
This left-handed Micro Bass sounds warm thanks to the mahogany body and polymer strings. The active pickup lets you tweak bass and treble without extra knobs. It's great for players who want a clear tone that cuts through a band. You'll love the solid build, but you can't check the weight yet.
PROS
  • • Mahogany top and sides give a warm, punchy tone.
  • • Aquila polymer strings cut through mix with clarity.
  • • Active pickup with controls shapes your sound easily.
  • • Butterfly machine heads make tuning quick and stable.
CONS
  • • No weight listed means you can't judge comfort.
  • • Bone saddle adds cost but may wear over time.
  • • No passive pickup option limits simple setups.
4.9/5 AudioFu Score
Specs:
10/10
Detail:
10/10
Value:
7/10
Art. 460885
$523
Warwick RB Alien Standard 4 FL NT LH - Professional Music Instrument Photo
#9

Warwick RB Alien Standard 4 FL NT LH

Nut width 38.5 mm (1.52") Fingerboard Ebony fingerboard Weight 3 kg
World Music Advanced Techniques Unique Sound
Key Feature:
This left-handed acoustic bass sounds great thanks to its spruce top and piezo pickup. It plays well for those who prefer a natural tone without metal frets. The set-in mahogany neck fits the left-handed model perfectly. It suits players who want a clean, acoustic sound in a budget-friendly package.
PROS
  • • Solid Sitka spruce top for strong acoustic projection
  • • Fishman Sonicore piezo pickup for reliable signal
  • • Left-handed setup for right-handed players playing left
  • • Wenge bridge with bone saddle for stable intonation
CONS
  • • Agathis back and sides lack the density of rosewood
  • • No frets means higher learning curve for new players
  • • Medium scale length may feel smaller for some hands
4.9/5 AudioFu Score
Specs:
10/10
Detail:
10/10
Value:
7/10
Art. 491744
$581
Gold Tone Micro Bass 25 Fretless w/Bag - Professional Music Instrument Photo
#10

Gold Tone Micro Bass 25 Fretless w/Bag

Nut width 42.9 mm (1.69") Scale 635 mm (25")
Advanced Techniques Expressive Playing Classical Crossover
Key Feature:
This bass feels like a friendly conversation starter for players who want a warm, vocal tone without frets. The mahogany top sounds rich and the included bag makes it ready to go. It suits small gigs and studio sessions where its compact size helps, though the headstock design needs careful tuning.
PROS
  • • Fretless design offers smooth, vocal-like tone for jazz and fingerstyle playing
  • • Ergo Glide mahogany top provides warm, resonant acoustic projection
  • • Built-in piezo pickup with active electronics ensures reliable on-stage sound
  • • Affordable price point includes a gig bag for immediate use
CONS
  • • Butterfly-style machine heads are less stable than traditional locking systems
  • • Scale length is shorter than standard 3/4 or full size basses
  • • No weight specification provided makes travel load uncertain
4.9/5 AudioFu Score
Specs:
10/10
Detail:
10/10
Value:
7/10
Art. 430275
$558
Warwick Alien 6 NT FL - Professional Music Instrument Photo
#11

Warwick Alien 6 NT FL

Nut width 52 mm (2.05") Strings 6-string Fingerboard Ebony fingerboard Weight 3.6 kg
Expressive Playing Classical Crossover Advanced Techniques
Key Feature:
This Alien 6 NT FL is a serious instrument for the fretless acoustic bass enthusiast. The combination of premium woods and Fishman electronics delivers a surprisingly versatile sound, equally at home in folk, jazz, or even fingerstyle acoustic arrangements. It's a premium-priced option that rewards the dedicated player with a unique voice.
PROS
  • • AAAA Sitka spruce top delivers a warm, resonant acoustic tone.
  • • Tigerstripe ebony fingerboard offers exceptional smoothness for fretless playing.
  • • Fishman Prefix Plus T electronics provide versatile amplified sound shaping.
  • • Solid build quality with Warwick security lock enhances stability and playability.
CONS
  • • The 34 in scale can feel unwieldy for smaller players or those accustomed to shorter scales.
  • • Ovangkol back and sides, while beautiful, can slightly dampen high-end clarity compared to all-spruce construction.
  • • The 6-string format might feel crowded for players unfamiliar with wider fretless basses.
4.8/5 AudioFu Score
Specs:
10/10
Detail:
10/10
Value:
3/10
Art. 492919
$1,978
Warwick Alien 5 NT FL - Professional Music Instrument Photo
#12

Warwick Alien 5 NT FL

Nut width 45 mm (1.77") Strings 5-string Fingerboard Ebony fingerboard Weight 3.3 kg
Advanced Techniques Expressive Playing Unique Sound
Key Feature:
This Alien 5 NT FL is a beautifully crafted acoustic bass, perfect for the experienced player seeking a warm, resonant tone with surprising versatility. The fretless design and Fishman electronics unlock expressive possibilities, making it ideal for jazz, folk, and fingerstyle players who want a stage-worthy acoustic instrument.
PROS
  • • AAAA Sitka spruce top delivers exceptional clarity and projection
  • • Tigerstripe ebony fingerboard offers a smooth, responsive fretless experience
  • • Fishman Prefix Plus T electronics provide versatile tonal shaping
  • • Solid build quality with Warwick’s signature security lock neck joint
CONS
  • • Ovangkol back and sides can sometimes exhibit a slightly boxy tone compared to maple
  • • 3.3 kg weight makes it less ideal for extended gigs or travel
  • • Fretless nature demands a higher skill level and careful handling
4.8/5 AudioFu Score
Specs:
10/10
Detail:
10/10
Value:
3/10
Art. 492916
$1,862
Warwick RockBass Alien Deluxe 6 NT FR - Professional Music Instrument Photo
#13

Warwick RockBass Alien Deluxe 6 NT FR

Nut width 52 mm (2.05") Strings 6-string Fingerboard Ebony fingerboard Weight 3.4 kg
World Music Classical Crossover Expressive Playing
Key Feature:
This bass sounds great because of its solid spruce top and warm walnut body. The fretless neck lets you play smooth, vocal-like notes without metal bars. It suits players who want strong acoustic projection and love a classic, singing tone. Just know the long scale and heavy weight might feel different at first.
PROS
  • • Solid spruce top offers strong acoustic projection
  • • Fretless neck provides smooth, singing note transitions
  • • Fishman Sonicore piezo ensures clear, balanced pickup sound
  • • Walnut laminated back and sides add warmth and sustain
CONS
  • • Very long 34-inch scale may feel awkward
  • • Heavy 3.4 kg weight can tire players
  • • No frets makes intonation tuning harder for beginners
4.9/5 AudioFu Score
Specs:
10/10
Detail:
10/10
Value:
5/10
Art. 634219
$1,396
Warwick Alien Deluxe 6 NT FL LH - Professional Music Instrument Photo
#14

Warwick Alien Deluxe 6 NT FL LH

Nut width 52 mm (2.05") Strings 6-string Fingerboard Ebony fingerboard Weight 3.5 kg
Advanced Techniques World Music Classical Crossover
Key Feature:
This Alien Deluxe 6 NT FL LH is a serious instrument for the left-handed player wanting a versatile acoustic bass. The 6-string configuration expands your tonal palette, and the Fishman electronics make it stage-ready. It's ideal for players seeking a fretless acoustic experience with amplified capabilities – think fingerstyle folk, jazz, or even mellow rock.
PROS
  • • Solid AA Sitka spruce top delivers a bright, resonant acoustic tone
  • • Fishman Prefix Plus T electronics offer exceptional amplified clarity and control
  • • Tigerstripe ebony fingerboard provides a smooth, fast fretless playing experience
  • • Long 34 in scale enhances string definition and low-end response
CONS
  • • The walnut back and sides can slightly dampen the overall acoustic projection
  • • Fretless design demands a higher level of technique and intonation accuracy
  • • Weight can be substantial, potentially tiring during extended playing sessions
4.9/5 AudioFu Score
Specs:
10/10
Detail:
10/10
Value:
5/10
Art. 492809
$1,245
Warwick RockBass Alien Standard 5 FR N - Professional Music Instrument Photo
#15

Warwick RockBass Alien Standard 5 FR N

Nut width 45 mm (1.77") Strings 5-string Fingerboard Ebony fingerboard Weight 3.35 kg
Unique Sound Advanced Techniques Expressive Playing
Key Feature:
This bass uses a solid spruce top to sound bright and loud, which is great for live gigs. The piezo pickup makes sure the bass stays in tune and responds well. However, the sides are laminated wood instead of solid, so they don't ring as nicely. The 24 fret lines mean you play with frets, not a smooth fretless surface. It fits players who want a 5-string acoustic sound without spending a lot of money.
PROS
  • • Solid spruce top delivers strong acoustic projection
  • • Fishman Sonicore piezo ensures reliable low-end
  • • Tigerstripe ebony fingerboard feels smooth under fingers
  • • Affordable price point for a 5-string acoustic bass
CONS
  • • Laminated agathis sides lack resonance of solid wood
  • • No fretless feel despite 'Fretless' name in title
  • • Missing detailed electronics specs in description
4.9/5 AudioFu Score
Specs:
10/10
Detail:
10/10
Value:
6/10
Art. 647747
$988

Every fretless acoustic basses that matches

26 models match this page. The 15 above are covered in detail; the rest are listed here with their published specifications.

# Model Specifications Price
16 Warwick RockBass Alien Standard 4 BLS Nut width 38.5 mm (1.52") · Frets 24 frets · Fingerboard Ebony fingerboard · Weight 3.2 kg $930
17 Warwick Alien Deluxe 5 NT FL LH Nut width 45 mm (1.77") · Strings 5-string · Fingerboard Ebony fingerboard · Weight 3.3 kg $756
18 Warwick RB Alien Standard 5 FL NT LH Nut width 45 mm (1.77") · Strings 5-string · Fingerboard Ebony fingerboard · Weight 3.3 kg $639
19 Warwick Alien 5 NT FL LH Nut width 45 mm (1.77") · Strings 5-string · Weight 3.3 kg $1,221
20 Warwick Alien Deluxe Hybrid 5 LH FL Nut width 45 mm (1.77") · Strings 5-string · Weight 3.3 kg $732
21 Warwick Alien 4 NT FL LH Nut width 38.5 mm (1.52") · Fingerboard Ebony fingerboard · Weight 3 kg $1,163
22 Warwick RockBass Alien Deluxe 4 Fret N Nut width 38.5 mm (1.52") · Fingerboard Ebony fingerboard · Weight 3.2 kg $1,047
23 Warwick Alien Deluxe Hybrid 4 FL NT Nut width 38.5 mm (1.52") · Fingerboard Ebony fingerboard · Weight 3.1 kg $1,047
24 Guild B-240EF Acoustic Bass Nut width 41.1 mm (1.62") · Scale 781 mm (30.75") · Neck profile C-shape neck $639
25 Breedlove Pursuit Exotic S Fretless Bass Nut width 42 mm (1.65") · Scale 864 mm (34.02") $628
26 Warwick RockBass Alien Std 4 FL NTS Nut width 38.5 mm (1.52") · Fingerboard Ebony fingerboard $930

Fretless Acoustic Basses by the numbers

Measured across all 26 models in this category, so «wide», «short» or «expensive» mean something you can check.

Price
median $639
from $173 to $1,396
Nut width
median 45 mm (1.77")
from 38.5 mm (1.52") to 52 mm (2.05") · 26 models
Fingerboard
ebony, jatoba
most common · 19 models
Weight
median 3.3 kg
from 3 kg to 3.5 kg · 14 models
Strings
median 5-string
from 5-string to 6-string · 12 models
Scale
median 815 mm (32.09")
from 534 mm (21.02") to 864 mm (34.02") · 11 models

How to Choose the Best Fretless Acoustic Basses

1

Playability (Action & Neck Profile)

This is everything. High action (string height) on a fretless is a recipe for disaster; it'll feel like you're wrestling the instrument. A comfortable neck profile - not too thick, not too thin - will let you focus on intonation, not fighting the instrument. Look for something with a manageable string spacing, too.

2

Scale Length

34" is standard, and generally best for beginners. Shorter scales (32" or less) can feel easier initially, but often sacrifice some low-end thump and can make accurate intonation even harder.

3

Tonewoods & Voicing

A warmer, more fundamental tone is easier to work with when you're learning. Bright, aggressively scooped basses can accentuate intonation errors. Mahogany or rosewood back and sides are generally a safer bet than aggressively bright maple combinations.

4

Bracing & Sustain

A well-braced top will give you more sustain and a more responsive feel. Fretless basses need to vibrate freely to produce their characteristic sound, so stiff bracing can choke the resonance. Listen for a balanced tone that doesn't collapse under your fingers.

5

Pickup Voicing (if applicable)

Many beginner-friendly fretless acoustics have pickups. Avoid overly bright or sterile pickups. You want something that captures the warmth and nuances of the acoustic tone, not a thin, ice-picky sound that'll sound harsh when amplified.

Buying Guide

Don't rush this. A fretless bass is an investment in skill development, not just an instrument. Cheaper fretless basses often have action that's too high, uneven fingerboards, and lackluster pickups - all of which will hinder your progress. Pay attention to the neck - a straight neck is critical. If possible, get a setup from a reputable tech before you buy, and be prepared to spend a little more for a playable instrument. It's better to spend $500 on a playable bass than $300 on a frustrating one.

How This List Is Built

We don't play these instruments — we're a catalog, not a review desk, and we'd rather say so than pretend otherwise. This page covers 26 fretless acoustic basses from the Thomann catalogue, which is the largest single source of specification data in this category: 15 in detail, the rest listed with their specifications.

Position is computed, not curated. We parse the manufacturer's own description into actual values — nut width, scale, fret count, fingerboard radius, size, alloy — and rank on them: how many specifications a model has published, how many of them are measurable numbers, and how precisely it meets this page's criterion. A product image adds a little. Price is not a ranking signal: it tells you nothing about whether a neck fits your hand. The same inputs always produce the same order, so nothing here is shuffled to look fresh.

What this list is good for: narrowing a category down to a shortlist by spec and budget. What it isn't: a substitute for hearing an instrument. Before you buy, read hands-on reviews and, where you can, play it. Full methodology.

Frequently Asked Questions

Absolutely. Intonation is entirely up to your ear and finger placement. It requires a much more developed sense of pitch and a lot more practice to avoid those embarrassing out-of-tune notes.
Action refers to the height of the strings above the fingerboard. High action makes it harder to fret notes cleanly and accurately, especially on a fretless where there are no frets to guide you. Low action can buzz if not properly set up.
Technically, yes, but it's rarely a good idea. The fingerboard needs to be perfectly flat and properly radiused for a fretless to sound and feel right. A conversion kit often results in a compromised instrument.
Look for basses with mahogany or rosewood back and sides, and avoid aggressively bright tonewood combinations like heavily figured maple. Listen for a balanced tone with a good fundamental and a lack of harsh overtones.
Realistically, $400-$800 is a good starting range. Anything significantly cheaper is likely to have compromises that will hinder your progress. Used instruments can be a great value, but get it checked by a tech.

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